Types of Sentences
A. Simple Sentences
Pattern: Subject + Verb + (Object/ Others) = SV(O)
Subject (noun) |
Verb (tense) |
Object (noun)/
Others (complement/adverbials) |
e.g. The fat boy over
there |
is |
my friend. |
B. Compound Sentences
Pattern: SV(O) + Coordinate Conjunction + SV(O)
Subject |
Verb |
Object |
Coordinate
Conjunction |
Subject |
Verb |
e.g. He |
is called |
Peter |
and |
he |
is smiling. |
Note - An intransitive verb
does not need an object.
- A compound sentence consists of two or more simple sentences, which
are combined by means of coordinate conjunctions (and, but, or, either
or, neither nor).
C. Complex Sentences
Pattern: SV(O) + Subordinate Conjunction + SV(O)
Subject |
Verb |
Object/Others
|
Subordinate
Conjunction |
Subject |
Verb |
Object/Others |
e.g. Peter |
likes |
to sing |
when |
he |
feels |
free. |
Note - A complex sentence
consists of a principal clause and one or more subordinate clauses,
which are combined by means
of subordinate conjunctions.
- Subordinate clauses include noun clauses, adjective (relative) clauses
and adverb clauses.
- Subordinate conjunctions: e.g. when, while, before, after, until,
because, since, as, although, if, so that, that, who, which ¡K¡K
D. Multiple Sentences
Pattern: SV(O) + Subordinate Conjunction + SV(O) + Coordinate
Conjunction + SV(O)
Subject |
Verb |
Object/
Others |
Subordinate/Coordinate
Conjunction |
Peter |
likes |
to sing |
when |
he |
feels |
free |
but |
he |
does not sing |
very well. |
|
Note - A multiple sentence
is a combination of compound and complex sentences.
Inversion
Inversion means the verb is placed before the subject for emphasis.
It occurs:
A. in questions.
e.g. Are you hungry?
What have you done to solve
the problem?
Note: No inversion when the question word is the subject.
e.g. Who invented the computer?
B. in question tags.
e.g. He loves her very much, doesn¡¦t he?
They cried, didn¡¦t they?
C. after ¡§so, neither/nor, as¡¨.
e.g. He is polite and so is his brother.
Ann was not at home and neither/nor
was Ben.
His colleagues respected him, as
did his boss.
D. in exclamation.
e.g. Here comes my aunt!
There goes the taxi!
Note: No inversion when the subject is a pronoun.
e.g. Here he comes!
E. after adverbs of place/direction.
e.g. On top of the mountain lies a farm.
Away ran the thief!
F. after verbs of reporting.
e.g. ¡§ Can you find it?¡¨ asked David.
¡§I have never seen it,¡¨
said Helen.
G. in ¡§there be¡¨ structure.
e.g. There were three students in the classroom.
There must be some misunderstanding.
H. in emphatic sentences
with a negative word or idea.
e.g.
1. Never have I heard such a strange story.
= I have never heard such a strange story.
2. Seldom do they visit us.
= They seldom visit us.
3. Little did she suspect that she was cheated.
= She little suspected that she was cheated.
4. Rarely have we watched such a moving film.
= We have rarely watched such a moving film.
5. Not until Monday did he return the camera to me.
= He did not return the camera to me until Monday.
6. Nowhere can you buy such cheap jeans.
= You cannot buy such cheap jeans at anywhere.
7. No sooner had he arrived than he called us.
= As soon as he had arrived, he called us.
8. Hardly/Scarcely had he returned from the journey when
he fell ill.
= As soon as he had returned from the
journey, he fell ill.
9. Under no circumstances will I give way to his demands.
= I will not give way to his demands
under any circumstances.
10. In no way can they help you.
= They cannot help you in any way.
11. At no time was I aware of what was happening.
= I was at no time aware of what
was happening.
12. On no account will she forgive him.
= She will not forgive him on any
account.
I. in adverbial expressions
placed at the beginning.
e.g. 1. Often have I heard that corruption doesn't pay.
= I have often heard that corruption doesn¡¦t pay.
2. Twice has he been warned to keep away from drugs.
= He has been warned twice to keep away from drugs.
3. So desperate was their situation that they decided to sell
their house.
= Their situation was so desperate that they
decided to sell their house.
4. Only after a hot debate did they agree to compromise.
= They agreed to compromise only after a hot
debate.
5. Not only was he the producer but he was also the director
of the film.
= He was not only the producer but also the
director of the film.
Note: Inversion also occurs
in other expressions like:
Only afterwards/ later/ yesterday/ last week/¡K
Only if Only when Only after Not
since
J. with ¡§Should,
Were, Had¡¨ in conditionals when ¡§If¡¨ is omitted.
Type 1: Should you see him, tell him to call me.
=
If you should see him, tell him to call me.
Type 2: Were I you, I would cancel my appointment.
=
If I were you, I would cancel my appointment.
Type 3: Had he known, he would have solved the problem.
=
If he had known, he would have solved the problem.
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Notes & Exercises
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